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London and South East | East Anglia | Midlands | North | Scotland | South West | Wales

London and South East

Abbey Bookbindery - is situated in Deepcut, Camberley in rural Surrey. The Bindery's history can be traced back to the 1940's and a Father Anscar Neilson from the St. Michael's Abbey in Farnborough. The bindery is now owned and run by Paul Berry and Tony Farthing who undertake a wide selection of binding work, including restoration, thesis and edition binding. This new site is well worth a visit.

Photo Books by Bags of Love - is an established personalised gift company making Photo Books from peoples own photos. Brand new ideas in the bookbinding field. These are hand made hardbound books with a cloth bound cover printed in customers own photos. Photo Albums, notebooks and address books also produced. Everything is custom made.

The Binding Store - offer thesis & dissertation binding, calendar binding and wire/spiral binding. They provide free local collection/delivery and also supply a full range of binding and print finishing equipment/consumables.

Black Fox Bindery - is an independent bookbinding studio owned and run by Nicky Oliver. Her education began in design and illustration and progressed to bookbinding where she felt she could combine her art skills with a craft that she loves. She has over 10 years experience working in commercial binderies where she honed a range of skills that include bookbinding, boxmaking, blocking, inlay and onlay work, portfolio making, full leather rebinding and restoration. She is an active member of both the Society of Bookbinders and Designer Bookbinders and has given masterclasses and taught workshops. She became a Licentiate of Designer Bookbinders in 2010 and has won several awards in the last three Designer Bookbinders National Competitions culminating with winning 'the Silver triple' with first prize for set book, open choice book and the Edgar Mansfield Medal for best book.

Blissett Bookbinders - is a London based company. The site contains information and a glossary about bookbinding and related services and products for Librarians, Museum Curators, Archivists, Students, Library Suppliers, Printers and Publishers as well as Private Individuals. This family owned binder specializes in Journals and Magazines, Theses, Music and Local Studies materials, Newspapers as well as library book rebinding, antiquarian repair and conservation work for paper and bindings and also constructs bespoke slip cases, folders and Solander boxes. For Publishers and Printers, Blissetts provide a timely on-demand case binding facility and foil blocking service.

City Binders - The staff at City Binders in London, have a combined experience of 75 years in the trade and will never let you down. They will help and advise you on the preparation, set up and layout of your thesis or any other art work and design related to your book and will also advise you on any aspect of thesis bookbinding as well as case making, repairs and restoration.

Elbel Libro Bookbinding - is a limited company run by Ben Elbel, based in central London. They provide high-end bookbinding and print finishing services including notebooks, guest books, portfolios, boxes, menu holders and more. A combination of skilled handwork and adequate machinery makes them competitive with runs of one to one thousand copies. They also provide training (workshops, printed tutorials, kits), stationery products and products for bookbinders.

Mel Jefferson - is an occasional binder of one-off designed bindings, and past winner of both Society of Bookbinders and Designer Bookbinders competitions. His web site also features examples of his graphic design, image editing and multimedia programming work.

Masters Bookbinding - The Berkshire Bookbinders - of Reading, undertake, Thesis Binding, Periodicals, Restoration, Fine Leather Binding, Boxes And Slipcases and Wedding Story Books.

Mazzotti Books - is an independent bookbinding and printing studio situated in East London, owned and run by Manuel Mazzotti. He is a bookbinder, designer and trained engineer who uses his diverse knowledge to create limited edition books, prints, book prototypes and bespoke boxes. His passion for bookbinding and printing has led him to collaborate with a wide variety of clients from independent artists to architectural firms and publishing companies. During the past few years he has been awarded with the Maureen Duke Award in bookbinding and the prestigious QEST (Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust) scholarship in bookbinding and paper. The studio primary aim is to be a platform for research into contemporary bookbinding, challenging preconceived ideas about what a book should look like and what materials should be used.

Walter Newbury Partnership - is based in London. The Company offers a comprehensive range of bindings facilities, combined with a high level of quality. They have a very professional team who can offer technical advice from materials, specification and design. Their impressive customer base ranges from Government bodies (such as the House of Commons and Lords and the Ministry of Defence) to Libraries and Museums, covering the whole of the British Isles. They have also carried out work in Europe (for Nato) and the Emirates. Just as important is the small contracts undertaken for individual pieces such as family heir looms. They also manufacture high quality leather social books, photo albums and ring binders for top stores across the country an d we are proud of our expertise in the field of conservation and restoration of books.

Photo Albums & Wedding Albums from CentralCrafts.Com - specialise in handmade photo albums and writing books made from naturally renewable sources. Suitable for a unique wedding gift idea or a new born baby album.

Cathy Robert - and her binders are based in London. They specialises in the unusual, outrageous and the impossible. All their work is done by hand, using traditional methods. Their work includes, artist portfolios, limited edition runs in leather and linen, menus, wedding albums, visitor books, boxes, ring-binders etc. The can create prototypes such as perfume bottles, game boxes, video & CD cases, brochure folders etc., and also repair old books, games boards, clock cases, etc.

The Wyvern Bindery - is a small, highly professional and friendly team situated in the heart of London traditional printing and bookbinding area. They pride themselves in their work and are dedicated to preserving the highest standards of craftsmanship. Using traditional skills (like CUIR CISLE - a 13th century binding technique, using traditional materials) they aim to produce quality work tailor made to client's specific requirements for design, budget and deadline. Each commission is a chance to produce a memorable and lasting object - whether it's repairing a battered dictionary, binding a handmade cookery book or creating a fine leather binding. They enjoy helping clients to choose the right materials from their selection of leather, cloth and handmade papers.

East Anglia

Brignell Bookbinders - was established in 1982 in the historic city of Cambridge. They employ only the finest craftsmen who have trained in the traditional art of hand bookbinding. They pride themselves on the highest standard of workmanship and use only the finest quality materials. Private tuition is also available from Barry Brignell who has over 30 years experience in the craft.

JS Wilson & Son Bookbinders Ltd - have been based in Cambridge since 1830. Their wide range of services include same day thesis binding, periodical, journal, loose-leaf binding, school yearbooks, leather bindings, restoration and repairs, boxes, reports and comb and soft binding. The above list is by no means complete and they are able to bind different and more unusual items as well.

Midlands

Brockman Bookbinders - founded by James Brockman in 1976 and now co-run with his son Stuart, has developed into a highly specialised hand craft bindery working primarily on modern Fine Bindings and the conservation and fine restoration of manuscripts and printed books. The emphasis is always on maintaining the highest possible standards, there is no compromise of quality on any work. The bindery consists of a small team of highly skilled craftsmen, all dedicated to the sympathetic and appropriate treatment of books. The Bindery uses the very latest techniques, mostly developed in-house, for everything from the attachment of book boards to the flattening of vellum manuscript leaves.

John Richards - trained at the London College of Printing under the late Arthur Johnson, one of Britain's finest craft bookbinders. Since establishing his business in 1980, John has become a highly regarded bookbinder with commissions from The Royal Academy, The National Trust, The Asiatic Society and many private collectors and antiquarian booksellers. Although specialising in the conservation of old books, he provides a full range of bookbinding services including new bindings, design bindings, box making and paper repair.

Temple Bookbinders - in Oxford, have over 75 years combined binding and finishing experience. They specialise in the preservation, binding, repair and restoration of antiquarian books. Thesis and law binding are also carried out to the highest standards. They are also prepared to overhaul college, school, or private libraries at moderate charges.

North

Riley Dunn & Wilson - are a specialist bookbinders and conservators with over 100 years experience. Experts in bookbinding, book and paper conservation, disaster recovery and thesis binding, They pride themselves on their excellent level of service, whether the project involves just one book or many hundreds. In 2008 they expanded their services when they purchased an Indigo colour digital printing press which has enabled them to produce full colour and monochrome short run, on-demand prints of books and commercial materials.

Signature Bookbinding - is based in East Yorkshire where Glenn Malkin offers quality hand made books and journals using a variety of materials and styles. Individual bindings for creative writing, family histories, biographies and other work can be supplemented with hand made boxes and cases, or offered with specially created designs. Existing books also rebound or repaired.

Deirdre Thompson - is a stationery bookbinder. "It's a kind of auto-immune deficiency of the self. I make books to commission. It's going to cost over £150 so there you go. These books have honest structures and are made from good and true materials. I make books to record the celebrations around a birth or a marriage, a book that honours a life or a death, books for love and for hate. Books for artists, poets, designers, printers, scientists and dads. Books that are bold, brave, strong, dynamic, sturdy and lovely."

York Bookbinding - Philip Winskill is an apprentice trained bookbinder with over 45 years experience. In 2000, he started York Bookbinding concentrating on the binding of periodicals, monographs, theses and book restoration and repair. He also gained lots of experience on miscellaneous work, such as presentation bindings and boxes to hold special collections. In Early 2023, York Bookbinding partnered with Mike & Helen Spingall who own McRay Press in Scarborough. Mike has over 35 years in Design & printing. The new partnership will enable us to offer a greater range of services. Including high quality print and binding of single or multiple copies (single sheets or in sections), scanning and binding, etc al.

Scotland

Bookbinding by Crawford - Andy Crawford has been binding and restoring books for over twenty years. A highly regarded bookbinder and one of the last to be trained in Scotland, his knowledge of books and the materials used in their construction is second to none. Limited edition work has been produced for presentation to Royalty and Pope John Paul II, special bindings for Scotland and the Government, as well as far reaching as Bermuda.

Downie Allison & Downie - based in Glasgow, is an established family run business which ensures that you get personal attention. A much loved book can in many cases be restored for future generations. Perhaps you would like to have your personal memoirs or poems bound to present as a special gift to someone you care for?

Evilrooster's Bookbinding Pages and Bookweb - is the web site of Abi, an Amateur Bookbinder in Edinburgh. It has been set up to provide a wealth of information to both new and experienced binders. A bookbinding discussion forum is also available to join, where members may post questions, comments and observations on all aspects of bookbinding.

The Isle of Skye Bindery - Laura West is a classically trained award winning bookbinder specialising in traditional and contemporary hand-sewn books. Wedding Stationery, Photo Albums and Guest Books are all made to order. Laura's signature range of unique artefact books draws on her studies and interest in historical book structures from all cultures and offers wildly refreshing solutions for books of all kinds.

Riley Dunn & Wilson - are a specialist bookbinders and conservators with over 100 years experience. Experts in bookbinding, book and paper conservation, disaster recovery and thesis binding, They pride themselves on their excellent level of service, whether the project involves just one book or many hundreds. In 2008 they expanded their services when they purchased an Indigo colour digital printing press which has enabled them to produce full colour and monochrome short run, on-demand prints of books and commercial materials.

Laura West - see this award winning bookbinder's range of unique artefact books.

South West

Bristol Bound - was established in 1986 by Rachel James, in Bristol. Rachel has since trained, and been joined by her husband Richard, who has a background in boat-building and cabinet making. As a husband and wife team they aim to offer a friendly and personal service to their customers, whilst maintaining a high standard of workmanship. They are members of the Institute of Designer Bookbinders.

Period Fine Bindings - is a small bindery located just outside Stratford Upon Avon, where Paul Tronson, Master Bookbinder restores books and bibles (10th to 20 Century) to their original condition using period tools, techniques and ancient recipes. He specialises in the restoration of important works in the style of master bookbinders.

Rushlow Bookbinding - specialises in the conservation and restoration of period volumes, bibles and rare books. Based in East Devon, Claire Bujniewicz sympathetically restores using the finest materials and using traditional methods.

Uk Book Binders - we offer an extensive selection of bookbinding options to meet every need, including PUR Binding, Perfect Binding, Case Binding, Thread-Sewn Binding, and Saddle-Stitch Booklets. All of our binding services are completed in-house. Our comprehensive services are all performed in-house, ensuring quality and efficiency. With our competitive rates and swift delivery times, rest assured that we'll fulfill your bookbinding requirements with exceptional precision and care.

Wales

Trevor Lloyd Ltd - This is a link to the web site of Trevor Lloyd, who for over a decade and a half, has been binding and restoring antiquarian books for book collectors, dealers, libraries and institutions. Not only in the U.K. but also in Europe, the U.S.A. and the far East. His traditional approach to bookbinding and his meticulous craftsmanship has ensured a respectful reputation amongst discerning collectors and dealers.

 

B.K. Bookbinders - was established in 1973. This family owned and operated company has become a leading specialist bookbinder in Durban, South Africa. Through the years we have expanded our customer base to the Cape, Free State, Transvaal, Botswana, Swaziland and African countries as far as Ghana. We have a wide range of services and innovative products, which are imitated but never equaled.

Graphicraft (Pty) Ltd. - in Cape Town, South Africa, was started in 1984 by Mr. Klaus Borgelt and Mrs. Vida Fisher as a mechanised hand bindery. They specialise in a wide range of commercial and fine craft bookbinding, including deluxe editions, slipcases, menu covers and portfolio covers in leather, cloth or vinyl.

 

Ballarat Bookbinding - based in Victoriaa are specialists in Fine Leather Bindings and the restoration of Old Books. They also undertake thesis bindings and repairs to all types of Books and carry out specialist printing including Letterpress, hot foil & gold embossing.

Whites Law Bindery- are based in Caulfield South. They specialise in binding law reports for lawyers plus student theses. They are also quite unusual in that they undertake digital printing, thus combining the modern evolving print processes with traditional binding techniques.

 

Rasmussen Bindery - in situated North Vancouver, British Columbia. They restore and bind books, magazines and newspapers for publishers, the general public, universities, law libraries and the Queen's Printers.

 

Denmark | Germany | Holland | Ireland (North & South) | Italy | Sweden

Denmark

Martin Degn Pedersen - is a hand bookbinder from Skanderborg. He is also a teacher of bookbinding teachers. His site shows some of his work and also contains links to other relevant Danish sites.

Germany

Gerd J. Wunderer - makes contemporary bookart. He creates hand written books, codices and books using Tibetan bookbinding techniques and engraves wooden bookcovers.

Holland

Henk Linde Book Repair & Restoration - are based in Den Haag. Their principal activities are Book & Paper Restoration of items bound in paper, cloth, leather, parchment and all papers. They are sole restorers and do not undertake modern bindings.

Ireland (North & South)

FindBind - are bookbinding specialists based in Belfast. They specialise in traditional hand bookbinding and offer a high quality online thesis binding service. They are conveniently located within Williams Lea, Queens University Belfast.

Italy

Cristina Balbiano d'Aramengo - is a binder from Milan. Her comprehensive web site highlights her work and teaching. After graduating from the Brera Academy of Fine Arts in Milan, she trained as a bookbinder and conservator of paper and books in Aosta, Rome and Ascona, Swizerland. This dual training has directed her research in bookbinding towards unobtrusive and discrete bindings, with minimal use of adhesives, suitable for conservation. In 1993, Cristina opened her own workshop in Milan. In 2005, along with other like-minded individuals, she founded the Association Professione Libro, whose aim is to promote Book Arts by organizing courses, seminars, exhibitions and book-related events.

Foto Regali Originali - Photo books, personalised photo albums and custom boxes and other photo gifts for the Italian market.

Sweden

The Johanna Rõjgård Bookbindery - is based in Runmarõ and was established 1984. Johanna is a Master Craftsman and Designer Bookbinder, Restorer and Teacher. She works from her cottage on Runmarõ, an island in the archipelago of Stockholm, where she and her family also live.

 

Peacock Bindery - Susan repairs or restores books using traditional hand bookbinding techniques. She uses only high quality materials and will strive to preserve as much of the original as possible. Susan will usually adopt the same style of binding: for example, if the book was originally sewn on raised cords (as many older books were), then will repair in the same way. She repairs torn or damaged pages and damaged leather wherever possible. However, when the old is beyond repair, new must be substituted and she adopts accepted conservation practices and principles. Susan is a member of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works and adheres to its Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice.

 

East Coast | Mid West | Mountain | Pacific

East Coast

Jack & Taff Fitterer - are based in New York State. Since 1983 they have offered a full range of Hand Bookbinding and Restoration services of extraordinary quality. They include repair, restoration and rebinding of antiquarian books, books of family significance, edition binding for artists and small presses and design bindings. They also produce slipcases, portfolio, drop-spine and clamshell boxes for books and other items and carry out paper and document repair.

The Harcourt Bindery - in Boston, is the largest bindery in the United States exclusively devoted to fine bookbinding by hand. Their clientele and reputation is international. Clients include libraries and book dealers, collectors, publishers and private individuals. They also provide a limited edition service for up to 500 copies.

Holzer Bindery - is situated in Hinesburg, VT. In the Holzer family, binding and preserving books is a family tradition. Marianna Holzer is a third generation bookbinder following in her father and grandfather's footsteps. The Holzer Bindery specialises in restoration of bibles, children's books, cookbooks and other treasured volumes, as well as new binding of dissertations, personal papers, blank books, or any self published works. Books can also be monogrammed to your specifications. Marianna Holzer founded the Holzer Bindery in 2008 after 30 years of working at a larger bindery. In the hills of Vermont, Marianna and her husband, Rik Palieri, continue the Holzer family tradition, creating finely crafted heirlooms for future generations to enjoy!

Jennifer T Jestin Book Conservator - New York, spends most of her time restoring books from the 17th - 20th centuries. This includes rebacking, recasing, rebinding, and hinge and page repair,as well as constructing protective cases such as clamshell boxes and slipcases.

Monique Lallier Design Book Binding - is a full time book binding/book arts studio that specialises in beautiful, one of a kind commissions with the highest quality of craftsmanship. Moniques' work as a design book binder has earned her very high praise from collectors, museums and colleagues around the world. Simply put, her work is considered first rate.

Leonard's Book Restoration Station - is a family-owned business located in Midnorth Indiana. The owner, Eric Haley, is an antiquarian book dealer and minister, as well as a bookbinder for over 22 years, and so understands both the need to conserve vintage books and to preserve a favorite Bible. We LOVE doing Bibles, from older family Bibles to brand-new Bibles that are coming unglued. Save those margin notes--give your Bible a new lease on life!

Mechling Bookbinding - is a small bookbinding shop in Western Pennsylvania. They undertake the hand restoration of books in cloth and leather. Their customers include bookstores, collectors, libraries, historical societies, churches, museums and schools. Not only are they hand binders, but they also have equipment to do short to medium run edition binding utilising 'Smyth' signature sewing, perfect binding and 'Smyth' cleat sewing. They pride themselves in producing a high quality product at affordable prices.

Paper Dragon Books - practices the art of fine and design bookbinding , and is located in New York City. The bindery produces bespoke handmade bookbinding and boxes for book dealers, libraries, museums and gallleries, aswell as tailored solutions for any and all commercial presentation. Editions run from the one-offs to the hundreds.

Praxis Bindery - is based in Easthampton, Massachusetts and is known for the conservation and restoration of books and documents. They also bind editions of up to 500 copies and make boxes, portfolios and presentation materials. Other services offered are edge gilding and gold tooling. They are a staff of four well-trained binders who delight in challenges.

Quarto Conservation of Books & Paper, Inc. - are located just outside Washington, DC in Silver Spring, Maryland. Quarto Conservation of Books & Paper, Inc. provides conservation treatment and preservation solutions for works of art on paper, books, manuscripts, documents, vellum, maps, ephemera, philatelic and non-western artifacts. Other services include needs assessment surveys, prioritization surveys, condition reports, insurance claim reports, exhibition support, storage solutions and protective enclosures.

Turul Bookbindery - which was found over 65 years ago in Hungary has provided dependable, quality service to its customers. Today, Turul Bookbindery is located in New Jersey. It restores approximately 100 to 200 antique bibles per year, not to mention the binding, printing, embossing and laminating work that the bindery handles every day.

Mid West

Art Bookbinders of America - is located in Chicago, Illinois. They have been providing their clients with the best customer service since 1966. Specializing in legal bookbinding, searchable digital closing books (books on CDs or installed on your intranet), custom presentation materials, brochures/manuals, custom tabs and custom slipcases/boxes.

Artur Bookbinding International - is based in, Oklahoma. Their Goal is to reach every home worldwide, seeking old family heirlooms such as family bibles, photo albums, valuable books, antiques, and keepsake boxes that need to be repaired. This has been their specialty for over 35 years as they are trained in the European Traditions. They are a company that can restore and give life to your precious family heirlooms. From the US, you can call them toll free for more information on 1-888-DRBIBLE.

The Campbell-Logan Bindery - is a small to mid-sized, family owned and operated book bindery in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Whether periodical binding, restoration, or limited edition binding Campbell-Logan is ready to serve.

Dennis Ruud Bookbinding - is based in Minneapolis and handle Bookbinding, Book Restoration and Calligraphy. Books restored and repaired. They have over 25 years experience in all manner of book restoration, paper repair, custom binding, box making. World's finest hand-cut Quill Pens for the calligraphic community. Fine Art Calligraphy and Illumination.

Mountain

Panther Peak Bindery - is based in Tucson, Arizona, and works for clients across the United States. Mark Andersson performs all styles of bookbinding in leather and cloth using traditional methods and materials. Panther Peak Bindery specializes in book and paper conservation. Courses are offered at their remote location near Saguaro National Park, taught by leading binders and conservators from around the world.

Pacific

ARS OBSCURA Bookbinders - based in Seattle, Washington specialise in antique book repair & restoration. They receive rare book repair & restoration orders from book collectors worldwide and make archival clamshell book boxes & slipcases. They adhere to sound techniques in leather, snakeskin & cloth hand binding; standards of five hundred years of traditional European hand bookbinders. They publish blank books journals, logs, diaries, photo albums, and custom limited editions.

Book Crafts - are based in Portland, Oregon. They specialise in the repair and rebinding of old books and Bibles. They also do new projects, such as presentation bindings for photographers and special events, as well as protective enclosures, slip cases and clamshell boxes, to store and protect your books. Bibles, from as late as 1850, containing family histories have been artfully restored using traditional old world methods and materials. Cloth bindings, and their restoration, are a Book Crafts specialty. Book Crafts excepts books for repair via UPS, Fedex or the Postal Service. Visit their website for samples of repairs, restorations and interesting facts about Book Crafts.

Duckabush Bookbindery - is based on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington State. For almost 30 years, Dave Myhre has owned and operated Duckabush Bookbindery. They primarily do casebinding work, catering to Law firms and professionals who need their papers and journals bound. They make ring binders and CD binders, do special projects for advertising agencies and repair and rebind antique bibles and cookbooks. - "We can rebuild almost any basket case!" - They also undertake limited editions, family genealogy, college dissertations, slipcases and clamshell boxes and like to work with artists and designers to create new and different kinds of document packaging. Gold stamping (hot stamping) is also a specialty.

H & H Book Services - is a 2nd generation bindery and a family business under the ownership of two brothers, Jack and John Papuchyan. Their knowledge comes from their godfather, Anthony who learned the art of bookbinding when he was in France. He came back to Armenia and worked in the Academy of Science of Armenia as a bookbinder. In that workshop, they used to do new binding, restoration and conservation of different types of materials. That is where the brothers got their first education of bookbinding from. In 1980, they opened their own bookbindery called Hoosh (meaning "Memory" in Armenian). In 1991,they came to America and in the same year, John got hired as a bookbinder in Heritage Bookshop and Bindery. After one year, Jack got hired there also. About two years later, they decided to open their own bookbindery. Based in Glendale, California, they work with high-end book dealers and private collectors, museums and movie studios.

Krause Intaglio & Custom Bindery - are a Shop of Wonders. A Type setting Department (Hot Metal) with a massive Collection of Ludlow Type which can be cast to order and used for Letterpress and Foiling. Letterpress - , from a Korrex Proofing Press to a Windmill and a large Albion Handpress which prints 27 x 42 inches, a Little Giant press (12 x18) is running to print Books. The Bindery is equipment with everything needed, the Books are bound following strict Standards in German and French Binding, Books in Leather, handsewn and hand tooled with utmost attention to detail, Limited Edition Binding, absolute exacting Standards, from a few copies to 1000 copies, the Development of Artist Books (up to 8x8 Feet in Size), a Cabinet full of Finishing Tools merrily used as the Job calls for, but also ancient Foiling presses up to 16 x 20 inch and a large collection of Brasses and Borders for Stamping. A rich variety in Leather, Book cloth and Parchment, also Paper and Metal, Stone Veneer has been used. A Printmaking Department for the use of Copper plates in the gamut of Etching, Engraving, Drypoint and Mezzotint complete the Shop. A Prepress Department for Scanning and Color separation, Film output and Polymer plates supports the Shop. Shop Time is afforded to People seeking it as Instructions given. Paper is Marbled on the Premises. The Owner is a well rounded Master Craftsman in the best of European Trade Education, trained as a Typesetter and Letterpress Printer in Switzerland and being a Schweizerdegen and having the Master degrees, he learned Bookbinding and Finishing in France and Germany and has respective Master degrees. He trained and worked with some of the best Craftsmen of their Time.